Sustainability-linked bonds in sovereign financing: A new frontier

Bond issuers categorized together as “Sovereign, Supranational and Agency,” or SSA, issuers have played a central role in the development of sustainable finance and the proliferation of sustainable bonds. Within the SSA category, it is supranational issuers, entities formed by two or more central governments, that have led the way since the development of the sustainable debt market. For example, the World Bank in November 2008 issued the world’s first green bond – an issuance dedicated solely towards financing climate-focused projects. 

While supranational agencies were able to find new ways of tapping into debt markets during the early days of sustainable finance, thanks in part to often clearly defined aims and timelines, it took sovereign issuers almost another nine years to utilize the green bond format.

Sovereign issuers were latecomers to the sustainable debt market largely due to challenges related to: 

(1)  the fungibility requirements of public debt frameworks conflicting with the use-of-proceeds requirements of green, social and sustainability bonds and 

(2) the lack of a possible guarantee that new green investments will be made using the bond proceeds (previous vs future allocation). 

Few countries were able to explain how their green bonds could align with wider national debt management strategies, particularly at a time when there was less standardisation around what constituted “green.” Countries eventually overcame this barrier when sovereigns and investors were able to align expectations and outcomes by supplementing or refinancing past government expenditures rather than attempting to finance future green projects.

Sovereigns: Active issuers in the sustainable bond market

Since the first sovereign green bonds issued by Poland and France in 2017, sustainable sovereign bond issuance has been on the rise in both absolute and relative terms. Sustainable sovereign debt experienced its first large uptick in volume from 2020 into 2021, largely as a result of increased social- and sustainability-labelled issuance in the wake of the global pandemic. While social issuance has since gone down, sovereigns have remained active issuers, with the total issued volumes of green, sustainability and sustainability-linked debt increasing year-on-year. Sovereign issuance made up 16% of global sustainable bond volume issued in 2023, up from an 11% share in 2021 and 2022.

Sovereign sustainable bond issuance continues to steadily increase, in volume and share

Growing use, guidance and future potential

In recent years, sustainability-linked bonds (SLBs) have emerged as a promising option for sovereigns seeking to issue sustainable debt while avoiding some of the challenges that relate to the use-of-proceeds format of green, social or sustainable bond issuance. The attraction of SLBs for sovereign issuers lies in the ability of the format to support a broad expenditure programme, even if projects that are strictly green are not available in sufficient quality, size or predictability. As SLBs utilise pre-defined performance targets that are backed by penalty mechanisms that kick in if targets are not met, they provide flexibility in the use-of-proceeds (unlike green, social or sustainability labelled bonds) and can more closely align with the fungibility requirements of public debt.

While 2022 was the first year that sustainability-linked bonds took a notable share of sovereign issuance, representing 3% of issued sustainable sovereign volume for that year, we see room for the format to take an increasing share now that the first steps have been taken. Investor understanding and appetite from a range of issuer types appears to be growing. Ambitious sovereigns now have working case studies for inspiration, and there is even more formal guidance on sovereign SLB issuance thanks to updates to the International Capital Market Association’s (ICMA) Sustainability-Linked Bond Principles in June 2023. 

Although there are only two sovereign issuers of SLBs, Chile and Uruguay , the share of sovereign SLB issuance doubled to 6% of sustainable sovereign bond supply issued in 2023. 

Format share of sustainable sovereign issuance by year

In addition to providing more flexibility than use-of-proceeds bond formats, SLBs offer a unique advantage for sovereigns by signalling commitment to high-level climate policy objectives, including the Paris Agreement. Outcome-based instruments such as SLBs could potentially lower hurdles for sovereign issuers as investors increasingly seek exposure to net-zero or Paris-aligned investments. Unlike in a portfolio construction based on backward-looking national emissions, pricing of SLBs could be based on existing policy commitments and climate transition paths, benefiting proactive sovereign issuers and penalising those that ultimately fail to live up to commitments. By mitigating the climate transition risk embodied in sovereign bond exposures in this way, SLBs can both reinforce the needed long-term policy commitment to sustainability and enhance debt-management strategies.

Challenges to widespread use of sovereign SLBs

While there is opportunity for SLBs to take a greater share of the growing sovereign sustainable bond market, challenges remain. SLBs had a strong start in the global sustainable bond market more broadly, but their volume share has stagnated between 7%-9% since 2021. In addition to challenges faced by corporate SLB issuers , sovereign SLB issuance has its own unique set of challenges:

• Establishing key performance indicators (KPIs) that remain ambitious while accurately reflecting the issuer’s commitment to sustainability. This can be more challenging for sovereigns, as well as more variable over time, due to political time horizons and overlap. When issuing SLBs, the issuer ties the hands of current and future governments to deliver on climate commitments made at the time of issuance. These targets may look more demanding as the pace of climate transition progresses.
   
• The formulation of penalty and incentive structures becomes increasingly difficult in the context of sovereign debt management. Sovereigns must carefully calibrate these mechanisms to ensure they are not only effective in promoting sustainability but also feasible in the context of national economic conditions. An additional challenge in the case of sovereign SLB issuance in particular is that, in practice, penalties cannot be set high enough to create material financial incentives for meeting sustainability targets.
   
• The requirement for investors to monitor non-financial sovereign data may pose a challenge to sovereigns at the pioneering end of SLB issuance. Sustainability-performance-contingent debt requires the ongoing analysis of non-financial performance criteria, such as emission reductions, which sovereign investors are may not best placed to monitor.

An additional tool for sovereigns with ambitious sustainability commitments

Despite the challenges reminiscent of those faced during the early stages of developing the global sustainable debt market, we see opportunity for sovereigns and investors to embrace the sustainability-linked bond format in order to promote and deliver sustainable future economies. 

Concretely, the recent issuance of SLBs by Uruguay was broadly seen as a positive step for emerging market debt, indicating promising developments in this realm. Looking ahead, sustainability factors increasingly shape investment portfolios, and more countries are expected to embrace similar instruments in order to demonstrate positive sustainability actions. Investors and sovereigns seeking greater differentiation, measurable impact, and opportunities for engagement or financing – can jointly look towards sovereign SLBs as an additional solution.